# File

The File intrinsic class provides access to create, read, and write files. Almost all modern operating systems organize disk storage into files. A file is essentially a block of bytes on disk, labeled with a name that users and programs can use to refer to it. Most systems also keep additional "metadata" about each file, such as the date it was created, the user who created it, and who else has permission to access it.

In addition to reading and writing ordinary operating system files, the File class can be used to read TADS "resources." Resources are most often used for multimedia objects, such as JPEG images or Ogg audio tracks, but you can also use them as ordinary external data files. A TADS resource is similar to a file in most respects, but has three important differences. First, resource names use a URL-style syntax instead of the local operating system path naming syntax. This makes it easier to write portable code, since you don't have to worry about varying path naming rules when accessing resource files. Second, you can embed a resource file into the program's image (.t3) file, or into an external resource bundle file. The benefit of embedding resources is that it simplifies packaging by reducing the number of separate files you have to distribute. Third, resources are read-only. You can't change the data in a resource file at run-time.

To use File objects, you must #include <file.h> in your source files.

## File Formats

TADS 3 provides access to files using three basic "formats." A file's format is simply the way the file's data are arranged; each format is useful in different situations. The basic formats are:

- Text. A file in text format stores a sequence of ordinary characters (letters, numbers, punctuation), organized into "lines." A line of text is simply a sequence of characters ending with a special "newline" character or character sequence. Text format files are useful when you want to read or write data intended for direct viewing or editing by a person, and because of their simple format can be interchanged among many different application programs. When you use a text format file, TADS automatically converts between the Unicode characters that TADS uses internally and the local character set used by the file, and TADS also automatically translates newline sequences in the file according to local conventions, which vary among platforms.
- Data. A file in "data" format can store integers, enums, strings, ByteArray values, BigNumber values, and "true" values. Data format files use a private data format that only TADS can read and write, so this format is not useful for files that must be interchanged with other application programs. When you wish to create a file for use only by your program or other TADS programs, though, this format is convenient because it allows you to read and write all of the datatypes listed above directly - TADS automatically converts the values to and from an appropriate representation in the file. This format is also convenient because the format is portable to all TADS platforms - a "data" format file is binary-compatible across all platforms where TADS runs, with no conversions of any kind necessary when you copy a file from one type of system to another.
- Raw. A file in raw format simply stores bytes, and gives your program direct access to the bytes with no automatic translations. This gives you total flexibility to read and write file formats defined by other applications or Internet standards, such as JPEG images or word processing documents. The easiest way to work with a raw file is via the byte packing methods, packBytes and unpackBytes. You can also use the readBytes and writeBytes methods to work directly at the byte level, via ByteArray objects.

Resources can be read using the Text and Raw formats.

## Creating a File object

A File object gives you working access to a file on disk. The File object keeps track of all of the information involved with your access to the file: the format you're using to read and write the file, the type of access you have to the file, and the current position in the file where you're reading or writing.

File objects aren't created with new. Instead, you use one of the "open" methods of the File class itself. The "open" methods come in two main varities: files and resources. They also differentiate which type of format you're using to access the file.

File.openTextFile(filename, access, charset?)
File.openDataFile(filename, access)
File.openRawFile(filename, access)

The filename argument is one of the following:

- A FileName object naming the file to open.
- A string giving the name of the file to open. This must be a valid filename in the local file system, conforming to local file naming rules.
- A special file ID.
- A TemporaryFile object, specifying a local temporary file to open. Pass the TemporaryFile object itself, not the string name of the file.
- An object with a File Spec interface.

The access argument gives the type of access you want to the file, and determines whether an existing file is to be used or a new file is to be created. The access value can be one of the following constants:

- FileAccessRead - the file is to be opened for reading. The file must exist, or the method will throw a FileNotFoundException.
- FileAccessWrite - the file is to be opened for writing. If no file of the given name exists, a new file is created. If a file with the same name already exists, the existing file is replaced with the new file, and any contents of the existing file are discarded. If the file cannot be created, a FileCreationException is thrown.
- FileAccessReadWriteKeep - the file is to be opened for both reading and writing. If the file already exists, the existing file is opened, otherwise a new file is created. If the file cannot be opened, a FileOpenException is thrown.
- FileAccessReadWriteTrunc - the file is to be opened for both reading and writing. If the file already exists, its existing contents are discarded (the file is truncated to zero length); if the file doesn't exist, a new file is created. If the file cannot be opened, a FileOpenException is thrown.

File.openTextFile(filename, access, charset?) opens a file in text format. Any access mode may be used with this method. If the charset argument is present and not nil, it must be an object of the CharacterSet intrinsic class giving the character set to be used to translate between the file's character set and the internal TADS Unicode character set, or a string giving the name of a character set. If this argument is missing or nil, the system's default character set for file contents is used; this is the character set that getLocalCharSet(CharsetFileCont) returns.

File.openDataFile(filename, access) opens a file in "data" format. Any access mode may be used with this method.

File.openRawFile(filename, access) opens a file in "raw" format. Any access mode may be used with this method.

All of the "open" methods check the file safety level settings to ensure that the file access is allowed. If the file safety level is too restrictive for a requested operation, the method throws a FileSafetyException. The file safety level is a setting that the user specifies in a manner that varies by interpreter; it allows the user to restrict the operations that a program running under the interpreter can perform, to protect the user's computer against malicious programs.

On success, these methods return a new File object that can be used for subsequent input/output operations on the file. On failure, these methods will throw a FileException subclass indicating which type of error occurred:

- FileNotFoundException - indicates that the requested file doesn't exist. This is thrown when the access mode requires an existing file but the named file does not exist.
- FileCreationException - indicates that the requested file could not be created. This is thrown when the access mode requires creating a new file but the named file cannot be created.
- FileOpenException - indicates that the requested file could not be opened. This is thrown when the access mode allows either an existing file to be opened or a new file to be created, but neither could be accomplished.
- FileSafetyException - the requested access mode is not allowed for the given file due to the current file safety level set by the user. Users can set the file safety level (through command-line switches or other preference mechanisms which vary by interpreter) to restrict the types of file operations that applications are allowed to perform, in order to protect their systems from malicious programs. This exception indicates that the user has set a safety level that is too restrictive for the requested operation.

openTextResource(resName, charset?)
openRawResource(resName)

The resName argument gives the name of the resource to be opened. This is given as a URL-style relative path name: the "/" character is used as the path separator, but the path cannot start with a "/", as it must be relative to the working directory. (This is normally the directory containing the image file, but some tools override this; for example, when running inside Workbench for Windows, this is the project directory. The user can also override it with the -R option when starting the interpreter.) Note that the URL notation is universal: you must always use the same "/" path separator notation, regardless of the operating system. The File object automatically converts the URL-style path to the correct local conventions. This means that when you're opening a resource file, you don't have to be concerned with the local file system naming rules; simply use the standard URL format, and the File object will automatically adapt to the platform at run-time.

The charset argument has the same meaning as it does for openTextFile().

The open-resource methods don't have an argument specifying the access mode, as the open-file methods do, because resource files can only be opened for reading. Since it's not possible to open a resource in any mode other than FileAccessRead, there's no need for a separate access mode argument.

You can open bundled resources even when the file safety level prohibits access to external disk files. Resource are read-only, so you can't use resource access to do any damage to the local system. Reading a resource is considered inherently safe because these objects are explicitly bundled into the program as part of its installation, rather than being external data on the local system.

The file safety level does have one effect on resource files, though. If you attempt to open a resource file, and the resource isn't found among the bundled resources, and the file safety level is 3 or lower (i.e., local read access is allowed), TADS attempts to interpret the resource name as a local file path within the image file's directory. If the file safety level is 4 or higher (no local read access), TADS won't substitute local files for missing resources. This means that it's okay to use local file substitution during development and testing, but you must always explicitly bundle resources into the .t3 file when you release your game.

On success, these methods return a new File object that can be used subsequently to read from the resource. On failure, they throw the same types of exceptions as the openFileXxx() methods.

## Local system file naming rules

The rules for naming files can vary quite a bit between operating systems. Since TADS runs on many systems, you should be careful that you're not making assumptions about file names and paths that will only work on your own operating system.

One way to be sure that a filename is valid locally is to let the user specify the name, rather than hard-coding it as a string within your program. You can let the user specify a name by asking them to type it in via inputLine(), or better still, by presenting a local system file dialog using inputFile() function.

For files that you create and manage for your program's own internal use, you probably won't want to ask the user to name them. For these sorts of files you'll need to hard-code their names. The best way to maximize portability is to use a least common denominator approach:

- Avoid most punctuation marks in file names. To be completely safe, use only letters and digits; but you'll be safe on Windows, Mac OS, and Linux if you avoid these: * + ? = [ ] / \ & | " : < >
- Stick to ASCII characters - avoid accented letters, for example. Most modern systems allow Latin-1 or Unicode characters in file names, but character set handling in file names is tricky at best, so it's easiest to avoid the issue by using only the ASCII subset.
- Shorter names are safer. Most systems these days allow very long file names, so in practice you probably won't actually bump up against any limits; but when there's no dire need for a long name, you might want to keep names relatively short just to be safe, in the range of 20 characters or so.
- Don't hard-code directory paths based on your own operating system's path syntax, because path syntax varies across platforms. It probably goes without saying, but you should never hard-code "absolute" paths that start in the root directory, such as "/tads/games" or "C:\TADS\GAMES" - you obviously can't count on every machine having the same top-level folder tree that you use. More subtly, you shouldn't even write relative sub-folder paths using your local OS syntax, because that syntax won't work when users run your program on other systems. For example, if you write your program on Windows, you might think it's okay to write a relative path like "data\stats.txt". It's not okay! That backslash won't work on Unix or Mac systems.

  Fortunately, there's a way around this problem: use FileName.fromUniversal() to create local paths based on a portable "universal" syntax.

## Special Files

In most cases, you open a file by referring to a particular filename and location (such as a directory path) in the local file system. In addition, there are certain "special" files that you can access. You don't refer to these files by name, but rather by purpose; you tell the interpreter which special file you want, and the interpreter figures out where the file is and what it's called. The purpose of this layer of indirection is that it allows the interpreter to choose the right name for the file, given its purpose, based on local conventions.

To open a special file, you simply pass in the special file identifier (defined in file.h) in place of the filename argument to one of the openFileXxx() methods. Here are the special files currently defined:

- LibraryDefaultsFile - this file stores global default values for library preference settings. A game library (e.g., Adv3) can use this file as a repository of default option settings. The settings file is shared across games, so that a user's preference settings automatically transfer to each new game played. The interpreter determines the directory location where this file is stored.
- WebUIPrefsFile - this file stores the display style settings for the Web UI. This file is shared across games, so that a user's display customizations are preserved when starting a new game. This file is stored in the same location as the library defaults file.

Special files aren't subject to file safety restrictions. These files are limited to the specific names and locations designated by the interpreter, so it's not possible for a T3 program to use a special file to access arbitrary file system data. Each special file represents some functionality that might be impossible for T3 programs to implement with normal files under high file safety settings; special files allow the interpreter to provide the functionality without the risks of lowering the safety settings.

## Temporary files

It's sometimes convenient to store certain working data in external files rather than in memory. For example, some data sets can grow so large that it can be taxing on system performance to keep them in memory. Temporary files are the usual answer to such situations.

TADS lets you generate names for temporary files using the TemporaryFile class. A TemporaryFile object represents the name of a temporary file, and automatically keeps track of the file to ensure that it's deleted when the program exits or no longer needs access to the file. Once you've created a TemporaryFile object representing a filename, you can pass the TemporaryFile to any of the File "open" methods to open the file for read or write access:

    local temp = new TemporaryFile();
    local f = File.openTextFile(temp, FileAccessWrite, 'ascii');

Temporary files have two major benefits. First, the system automatically ensures that they're deleted by the time the program exits, so you don't have to worry about explicitly cleaning up the disk space you use for these files. Second, temporary files bypass the file safety settings, so you can use them even when the file safety settings would prohibit the same access to ordinary files. Temporary files are an exception to the usual safety rules because they're already protected from misuse by their design: the system controls the name and location of a temporary file, so it's not possible to use them to access or change any existing local file system data.

## File Spec objects

Traditionally, the way to specify a file's identity in TADS was simply to supply a string containing a filename, written using the local operating system's conventions for naming files. A file in TADS very straightforwardly represented a file on the local machine's hard disk, so naturally a file identifier was nothing more than a local filename string.

With the addition of the Web UI infrastruture in TADS 3.1, we've had to make the interfaces a little more abstract. It's no longer always the case that files are stored on a local disk. In the Web UI world, there are more ways of storing external data:

- Temporary files. These are physically stored on the local disk, like traditional files. But they have some additional special features, such as automatic deletion when you're done with them.
- Remote "cloud" files. When running in a client/server configuration, TADS can store files on a remote machine, known as a storage server, rather than on a local disk. Some people call this "cloud" storage, since from the user's perspective they're stored out in some nebulous location on the network, and the user doesn't need to know the details of exactly where. At the File level, TADS makes this transparent; you just operate on File objects as normal, and TADS takes care of moving data to and from the remote server. However, there are differences at the UI level.
- Client files. It's also possible to use the client/server configuration without a storage server. In this setup, files are stored on the user's client machine, rather than on the machine running the game. File transfers to and from the client are accomplished via HTTP uploads and downloads.

To handle this expanded range of storage options, TADS 3.1 has a more abstract way of representing file identities. As we saw earlier, the File "open" methods accept more than just filename strings: they also accept TemporaryFile objects, and something called File Spec interfaces.

A File Spec interface is designed to give your program a way of creating new external storage types, beyond what's built into the system. TADS has built-in handling for ordinary local files, temporary files, and "cloud" files. File Spec interfaces let you build your own additional types.

In concrete terms, a File Spec is really pretty simple. It's just a TadsObject object that has one required method and one optional method:

- getFilename() returns a system file identifier: either a string containing a filename, or a TemporaryFile object. When the system wants to open the underlying disk file, it calls this method to find out where on disk to read or write the data. This method is required.
- closeFile() is optional. When the system closes the underlying disk file, it calls this method to let you know. This gives you a chance to perform any desired post-processing on the file.

The basic idea behind the File Spec is that you can use it to identify an external storage object that requires special handling beyond just reading or writing a file on disk. For the actual byte storage, you have to use some kind of normal disk file; in practice this is usually a temporary file identified by a TemporaryFile object, but it could just as well be an ordinary disk file. What the File Spec adds is the ability to apply some special pre-processing or post-processing to the file. This could involve moving the data to or from some other storage location, synthesizing the data from scratch just before it's accessed, or making use of the data after the file has been written.

Here's an example of how this feature can be used. The Adv3 Web UI uses the File Spec mechanism to implement client-side storage; this is an example of the post-processing capability, where we initially create the file as a local temporary file but then move it somewhere else when we're done with it. When the user types SAVE, the library would normally display a file selector dialog asking for a file for saving the game. With client-side files, the library instead just creates a custom object with the File Spec methods, and creates a TemporaryFile object to go with it. The library uses this special object to call saveGame(). When saveGame() opens the file, it calls getFilename() on the File Spec object, which returns the TemporaryFile; this means that saveGame() ends up saving the current game state to the temporary file on the server machine. When the save is finished, saveGame() closes the file, which calls the closeFile() method on the File Spec object. The File Spec object's implementation of closeFile() finishes the operation by sending information about the newly available file to the Web UI client, which responds by offering the user a chance to download and save the file. The result from the user's perspective is the SAVE command offers a "save file" dialog that saves the game to the local hard disk, just as in the traditional stand-alone interpreter.

## File methods

closeFile()

Close the file. This flushes internal buffers to the external storage device and releases all operating system resources associated with the open file. On many operating systems, when a program is working with a file, other programs are not allowed to access the same file, to prevent any data corruption that would occur if multiple programs were accessing the same data simultaneously without coordinating their activities; closing a file tells the operating system that your program is finished with the file, and that it is therefore safe to allow other programs to access the file. You are not strictly required to call this method when finished with a file, because TADS will automatically close the file when the garbage collector determines that the File object is no longer usable; however, this could result in consuming system resources for much longer than necessary, so it is always good programming practice to close files explicitly as soon as you know you're done with them.

After closing a file, no further operations can be performed on the closed File object. Any subsequent operations on the File object will throw a FileClosedException. (This doesn't mean that you can't do more work on the underlying operating system file - it simply means that you have to open it again with a new File object.)

Note that closeFile() can throw an error. The only situation where an error can usually occur on close is when the file was opened for writing, and you've made updates. In this case, the system might have buffered (delayed) some of the physical updates to the underlying media, and will attempt to complete them on closing the file. This is where there's a potential for trouble, since something could go wrong writing the final updates to disk. For example, the disk might be too full, or the write might encounter a hardware media error. If an error does occur, the File object is still marked as closed, so no further operations on the File will be allowed - but the actual underlying disk file could be in an inconsistent state. It's difficult in general to correct these sorts of errors programmatically, but it's often worth notifying the user so they're aware of the possible data loss right away.

deleteFile(filename)

Deletes the file with the given name. This erases the file from the disk or other media. filename is a string giving the name of the file, or one of the special file identifiers. This is a static function that you call directly on the File object:

    File.deleteFile('myfile.txt');

The function will succeed only if the file safety level would allow you to open the file with write access. If not, the method throws a file safety exception. In addition, the function will fail if the file can't be deleted at the operating system level. There are numerous reasons that the deletion can fail at the OS level: insufficient privileges or access rights, read-only protection on the file, physical media failures, and concurrent access by other programs, to name a few.

See the FileName class for a more comprehensive set of file manipulation functions.

digestMD5(length?)

Calculates the MD5 digest of the contents of the file, starting at the current seek location and including length bytes from the file. If length is omitted or nil, the entire rest of the file (from the current seek position to the end of the file) is included in the digest.

Returns a string of 32 hex digits with the digest result. This method has the side effect of reading bytes from the file, so on return the seek position is set to the next byte after the bytes digested.

getCharacterSet()

Returns the CharacterSet object that the file is using for its character translations. This is useful only with files in text format.

getFileMode()

Returns the file's current data mode. The return value is one of the following constants:

- FileModeText - text mode (openTextFile())
- FileModeData - data mode (openDataFile())
- FileModeRaw - raw (binary) mode (openRawFile())

getFileSize()

Returns the size in bytes of the file. This is the size of the file as it appears on disk, so this might not be the same as the apparent size of the file's data stream as the program sees it; for example, if the file is being read as a text file, character set translations and newline format conversions will usually make the in-memory representation differ somewhat from the binary representation on disk.

getPos()

Returns an integer giving the current read/write position in the file; this is simply the byte offset in the file of the next read or write operation. When a file is first opened, this will return zero, because the first read or write operation will occur at the first byte of the file, which is at offset zero.

getRootName(filename)

Note: we recommended using the newer FileName.getBaseName() instead of this method; the FileName class provides a more comprehensive set of file name functions.

Returns a string giving the "root" name of filename, using the local system's directory path conventions. filename is a string giving the name of a file in the local file system.

This is a static method, so you call it on the File object itself:

    local root = File.getRootName(filename);

The root name of a file, also called the base name, is the portion of the filename string excluding any directory location or folder path. The directory path syntax varies by operating system; this method parses the name according to the syntax rules for the local host at run-time. For example, when running on a Windows machine, File.getRootName('a\\b\\c.txt') returns 'c.txt'. The same program running on a Linux machine will return 'a\\b\\c.txt' for the same function, because the backslash isn't a path separator character on Linux.

This method only does superficial parsing; it doesn't actually check that the path or file exist.

Note that you should never hard-code a filename with a path into your program, precisely because of the varying naming rules on different systems. However, you might from time to time still encounter a filename string containing a path, from sources such as inputFile() or the program startup arguments.

packBytes(format, ...)

Converts data values into bytes, according to your format specifications, and writes the bytes to the file.

format is the format string, which specifies the binary encoding to use for each value to be packed. The remaining arguments are the values to be packed, which correspond to items in the format string.

The return value is the number of bytes written. (More precisely, it's the difference between the file position at the start and end of the method. If you use a positioning code like X or @, you can move the file position backwards, in which case the return value might be smaller than the number of bytes actually written.)

See Byte Packing for full details.

readBytes(byteArr, start?, cnt?)

This function, which is used only for raw files, reads bytes from the file into byteArr, which must be an object of intrinsic class ByteArray. If start and cnt are given, they give the starting index in the byte array at which the bytes are to be stored and the number of bytes to be read; if these are omitted, the function reads as many bytes from the file as there are bytes in the byte array, and stores them in the byte array starting at its first element (index 1).

This function returns the number of bytes actually read from the file. If the end of the file is encountered before the request is fulfilled, the return value will be smaller than the number of bytes requested. If the function returns zero, it simply means that there are no more bytes available in the file.

Note that if the file is open for write-only access, a FileModeException will be thrown.

readFile()

Reads data from the file and returns the value. This function reads data according to the file's format:

- Text format: the next line of text is read from the file and returned as a string. The line ends at the next "newline" character or sequence.

  TADS recognizes newlines according to local platform conventions. For example, on Windows platforms, TADS considers each CR-LF pair to represent a single newline sequence. TADS translates the local newline sequence to '\n', so each string returned from readFile() will always end in a single '\n', regardless of the local platform conventions. This ensures that your code doesn't have to worry about different conventions on different machines; it'll run the same way everywhere. Note that if the file ends in mid-line, without a terminating newline sequence within the file itself, readFile() likewise will return the last string without a '\n' character at the end. This is done so that the readFile() results accurately reflect what's in the file, in case it's important to you whether or not the file ends in a final newline sequence.

  The characters read from the file are translated through the currently active character set, so the returned string is always a valid Unicode string, regardless of the character set of the external file. This means that you don't have to worry about character set differences on different platforms, apart from making sure that the proper character set is specified when opening the file.

- Data format: the next data item is read from the file and returned. The return value will be of the same type as the value that was originally written to the file.
- Raw format: this function is not allowed for raw files (a FileModeException is thrown if this is attempted on a raw file).

In any case, when the end of the file is reached, the function returns nil. If any error occurs reading the file, the method throws a FileIOException.

Note that if the file is open for write-only access, a FileModeException will be thrown.

setCharacterSet(charset)

Sets the character mapping that the file uses for its character translations. charset can be one of the following:

- A CharacterSet object.
- A string giving a character mapping name. A CharacterSet object is automatically created for the mapping name.
- nil. This selects the local system's default character set for text files.

setFileMode(mode, charset?)

Change the file mode. mode is a FileModeXxx value giving the desired new file mode (FileModeText, FileModeData, FileModeRaw).

If the mode value is FileModeText, charset specifies the character set for the file's contents. Any text you write to the file will be mapped to this character set, and any text you read from the file will be converted from this character set. The character set can be specified as a CharacterSet object, or as a string giving the name of a character set. If charset is nil or the argument is omitted entirely, the local system's default character set for file contents is used.

After you switch modes, subsequent read and write operations will interpret the file's contents according to the new mode.

setPos(pos)

Set the read/write position in the file to pos, which is an integer giving a byte offset in the file. The first byte in the file is at offset zero.

For text and data format files, this function should be used with caution. In particular, you should only use this function to set a file position that was previously returned from a call to getPos(). Text and data format files have data structures that span multiple bytes in the file, so setting the file to an arbitrary byte position could cause the next read or write to occur in the middle of one of these multi-byte structures, which could corrupt the file or cause data read to be misinterpreted.

For raw files, your program is responsible for the exact byte layout of the file, so you can set the read/write position wherever you want without confusing the File object. However, if you're defining your own multi-byte structures, you naturally have to be careful to move the file position only to the proper boundaries within your own structures.

setPosEnd()

Sets the read/write position in the file to the end of the file. Any subsequent writing to the file will place new bytes after the last existing byte in the file. This function is useful if you want to add new data after all of the existing data in a file, and is also useful to determine the size of a file (which you can do by seeking to the end of the file and then using getPos() to determine the new position in the file).

Note that the warnings mentioned in setPos() regarding valid positions generally don't apply to setPosEnd(). It is usually safe to go to the end of a file, because whatever multi-byte data structures occur in the file should be complete units, hence moving to the end of the file should set the position to the end of the last structure.

sha256(length?)

Calculates the 256-bit SHA-2 hash of the contents of the file, starting at the current seek location and hashing length bytes from the file. If length is omitted or nil, the entire rest of the file (from the current seek position to the end of the file) is hashed.

Returns a string of 64 hex digits with the hash result. This method has the side effect of reading bytes from the file for the hash, so on return the seek position is set to the next byte after the bytes hashed.

unpackBytes(format)

Reads bytes from the file, and converts them to data values according to your format specifications. Returns a list of the converted values.

format is the format string, which specifies the binary encoding to parse for each value to be unpacked.

The number of bytes read from the file depends on the format string. The method reads just enough bytes to provide a value for each item in the format string. An error is thrown if the file doesn't have enough data to satisfy the format string.

See Byte Packing for full details.

writeBytes(source, start?, cnt?)

This function, which is used only for raw files, writes a range of bytes to the file from the given source object. source must be one of the following object types:

- ByteArray: the specified range of bytes from the byte array is written to the file. start is the index within the byte array of the first byte of the range to copy to the file; if omitted, the default index is 1 (i.e., the first byte of the array). cnt is the number of bytes to write; if omitted, all bytes from the starting index to the end of the array are copied.
- File: bytes are read from the source file and written to the target file. The source file must be open with read access, and it must be in "raw" mode, since this function reads individual bytes from the file without any character set or data type translation. start is a seek location within the source file; if it's omitted, the default is the current seek position in the file (the location that getPos() returns). cnt is the number of bytes to copy; if omitted, the file's entire contents from the starting seek position to the end of the file are copied.

This function has no return value; if any error occurs writing the bytes, a FileIOException is thrown. If the source object is a File, a FileIOException can also result if any errors occur reading the source object.

Note that if the file is open for read-only access, a FileModeException will be thrown.

writeFile(val)

Writes the value val to the file. The value is written according to the file's format:

- Text format: val is converted into a string using the default conversion for its type if it's not already a string; if the value is not convertible to a string, the function throws a runtime exception. The string is written to the file by translating its characters to the local character set through the currently active character set object for the file.
- Data format: the value can be an integer, string, enum, BigNumber, ByteArray, or true value. The value is written in the private TADS data-file format so that it can be read back later with the readFile() method.
- Raw format: this function is not allowed for raw files (a FileModeException is thrown if this is attempted on a raw file).

Writing an enumerator value to a data format file ties the file to the particular version of your program that wrote the file. When you compile your program, the compiler assigns an arbitrary internal identifier value to each enumerator, and it is this arbitrary internal value that the writeFile() function stores in the file. When you use readFile() to read an enumerator value, the system uses the current internal enumerator value assignments made by the compiler. Because these values are arbitrary, they can vary from one compilation to the next, so it is not guaranteed that a file containing enumerators can be correctly read after you have recompiled your program. For this reason, you should never write enumerators to a file unless you're certain that the file will only be used by the identical version of your program (so it's safe, for example, to use enumerators in a temporary file that you'll read back during the same run of the program). If you must store enumerators in a file that might be read by a future version of your program, you should use some mechanism (such as reflection) to translate enumerator values into integers, strings, or other values that you define and can therefore keep stable as you modify your program.

If any error occurs writing the data, such as running out of disk space, the method throws a FileIOException. If the file is open for read-only access, a FileModeException is thrown.

## Interaction with save/restore, undo, and restart

File objects are inherently transient; all instances returned from the creation methods (openTextFile(), etc.) are transient and thus not affected by save, restore, restart, or undo.

If a File instance is part of the program when pre-initialization completes, and is thus saved to the final image file, the instance will be "unsynchronized" when the program is loaded. This means that the File object no longer refers to an open operating system file - once the object has been saved with the image file and then reloaded, there is obviously no longer an active association with the system file. When a File object becomes unsynchronized, it will no longer allow any operation that could be affected by the inconsistency. In particular, the file cannot be read or written once it is unsynchronized. To enforce this, the File object throws a FileSyncException if any of these operations are attempted on an unsynchronized file.

TADS 3 System Manual
Table of Contents | The Intrinsics > File
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